What condition does neural tube defect cause in a newborn?

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects that affect the brain, spine, and spinal cord. They occur when the neural tube, which is the structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord, does not close properly during pregnancy.

NTDs can cause a range of physical and intellectual disabilities, depending on the severity of the defect. Some common conditions associated with NTDs include:

- Spina bifida: This is the most common type of NTD. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the lower end of the spine. Spina bifida can cause paralysis, incontinence, and other problems with mobility.

- Anencephaly: This is a severe NTD that occurs when the neural tube fails to close at the top of the head. Anencephaly is usually fatal, as the brain is unable to develop properly.

- Encephalocele: This is a NTD that occurs when a sac containing brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the skull. Encephaloceles can cause intellectual disabilities, seizures, and other problems.

Early diagnosis and treatment of NTDs can help to improve the outcome for affected children. Treatment options may include surgery, medications, and physical therapy.