Effects of Dental Fluoride

Most people in America consider fluoride a fact of life. It is added to drinking water and toothpaste, found in mouthwashes and supplements, and even painted onto your teeth at dental checkups. It is used to prevent cavities and strengthen teeth but has also been linked to some disturbing side effects.

History

• Fluoride was originally considered toxic waste, a by-product of the manufacturing industry. In the early 1900s, a dentist in Colorado Springs noticed changes in the tooth enamel of people whose drinking water contained high levels of fluoride. Water fluoridation was first tested in the 1940s and 1950s. When it was reported to reduce the incidence of cavities in towns receiving water with fluoride added, its use became more widespread. Eventually, dentists began applying concentrated fluoride directly to tooth surfaces to increase its effectiveness.

Usage

• Dentists use fluoride in a variety of forms for different purposes. In a foam or gel form, it is applied to children's teeth one to four times per year to strengthen the tooth enamel. As a varnish, the concentrated fluoride is painted onto the teeth once or twice a year. The varnish form keeps the fluoride in contact with the tooth surface for several hours, enabling it to absorb more thoroughly. A fluoride paste is sometimes used during cleanings to scrub the teeth, though it has been shown to be the least effective form for dental application.

Intended Effects

• Fluoride is used in dentistry to prevent cavities, also called dental caries. It does this by preventing the bacteria in plaque from damaging the tooth enamel as well as by repairing some of the damage that has already been done. Fluoride also changes the way the bacteria in plaque act, which may also protect the teeth.

Side Effects

• Unfortunately, fluoride also has some documented and suspected negative side effects, especially in large amounts. High doses of fluoride over a period of time can damage the tooth enamel, especially in children, causing dental fluorosis which causes staining and pitting of tooth surfaces. Other side effects that are suspected include thyroid damage, skeletal issues and increased risk for bone cancer.