What is gingivostomatitis?

Gingivostomatitis refers to inflammation of the gums (gingiva) and mouth (stoma). It is most often caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is the same virus that causes oral herpes or cold sores. This form of gingivostomatitis is also called primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHG) or acute herpetic gingivostomatitis.

There are other less common causes of gingivostomatitis, such as:

- Coxsackievirus

- Echovirus

- Influenza virus

- Mumps virus

- Measles virus

- Varicella-zoster virus (the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles)

- Mycoplasma pneumoniae (the bacteria that causes walking pneumonia)

- Some drugs and medications

Symptoms of gingivostomatitis may include:

- Painful, swollen gums

- Bleeding gums

- Gums that look red, purple, or white

- Ulcers or sores in the mouth or on the gums

- Fever

- Headache

- Fatigue

- Sore throat

- Difficulty eating or drinking

- Increased saliva production

Treatment for gingivostomatitis typically involves managing symptoms. Over-the-counter medications can help relieve pain and fever. Numbing mouthwashes and pain-relieving gels can be applied directly to the gums to reduce discomfort. Soft, cold foods and beverages may be easier to eat and drink. Avoiding spicy, acidic, or salty foods can help prevent irritation of the gums and mouth sores.

In some cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat the herpes simplex virus. Good oral hygiene is important to prevent secondary infections.

Most cases of gingivostomatitis resolve within a few weeks.