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Three Main Causes of Gum Disease

Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is the infection of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. There are two stages of gum disease: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis involves only soft tissue. The gums will bleed when brushed or probed, tissue is inflamed, gums are reddened and sensitive, and bad breath may be present. Periodontitis is the second stage of gum disease, in which toxins erode the gum line. Bone becomes infected, bleeding and swelling are more pronounced, the gum line begins to recede, bad breath is present and bone loss may be evident on X-rays.

  1. Bacteria

    • Bacteria, the main cause of gum disease, deteriorate the supporting bone and gum tissue. If these areas are not properly cleaned, the remaining bacteria, along with food remnants and fluids, will lodge on the tooth and below the gum. This buildup, called plaque, is a sticky invisible layer of germs that forms on teeth and gums. Containing bacteria that produce toxins that irritate and damage the gums, plaque becomes calcified and develops into a crusty deposit called tartar, which can only be removed by a dental professional. It only takes 24 hours for harmless bacteria to become infectious and cause periodontal inflammation.

    Hygiene

    • Poor oral hygiene or inadequate cleaning of teeth also causes periodontal disease. Dental visits should be scheduled every six months to check for plaque buildup, pockets of bacterial infection and damage. A thorough scraping and cleansing of the teeth will remove any problematic buildup and provide a good baseline for any potential disease or tooth disorders.

    Dry Mouth

    • Dry mouth, defined as the reduced flow of saliva, can contribute to gum disease. Saliva, rich in oxygen, is a natural defense against gum disease, which cannot flourish in well-oxygenated environments. This condition may be brought on by medications, harsh toothpastes, laxatives and a weakened immune system. If needed, a prescription for artificial saliva can be obtained.

    Risk Factors

    • While bacteria is the main cause of periodontal disease, other factors contributing to this condition, including pregnancy, diabetes, medication, smoking, drug use, nutritional deficiencies and genetics. As much as 30 percent of the population may be genetically susceptible to developing periodontal disease.

    Prevention

    • Because plaque begins to build up 4four to 12 hours after brushing, performing regular dental hygiene by brushing and flossing twice a day is a key factor in controlling gum disease.

      Eating a balanced diet of fresh fruits, vegetables, milk and fish is recommended, as are biannual dental visits. Changing your toothbrush every three months and using tartar-control toothpaste can also contribute to good oral hygiene.

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