What causes infection fever and pus with serious gum disease?

Infection, fever, and pus associated with severe gum disease, also known as periodontitis, are caused by a complex interaction between the immune system, bacteria, and the body's inflammatory response. Here's a breakdown of the process:

1. Bacterial Invasion: The development of gum disease is primarily driven by the buildup of dental plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth. This accumulation can irritate the gums and lead to gingivitis, the initial stage of gum disease characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums.

2. Immune Response: As plaque accumulates and gingivitis progresses, the immune system attempts to combat the bacterial invasion. White blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are sent to the affected area to engulf and destroy the bacteria. This immune response is essential for controlling the infection, but it can also cause collateral damage to the gums and surrounding tissues.

3. Toxins and Enzymes: Certain bacteria found in plaque produce harmful toxins and enzymes that can break down the gum tissue and underlying bone. These substances contribute to the destruction of the tooth-supporting structures, leading to the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums (periodontal pockets).

4. Inflammation: The immune system's response to infection and the action of bacterial toxins and enzymes trigger a significant inflammatory reaction. This inflammation causes the gums to become red, swollen, and painful. In severe cases, the inflammation can spread to surrounding tissues, including the bone.

5. Fever and Pus: In advanced gum disease, the inflammation and infection become so severe that they can cause a systemic response. The body's attempt to fight the localized infection may elevate body temperature, resulting in fever. Additionally, the accumulation of pus, which consists of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris, is often observed in periodontal pockets. Pus indicates that the infection has progressed and requires prompt treatment.

It's important to note that while infection and inflammation are natural responses to gum disease, severe symptoms such as fever and pus formation indicate a significant progression of the condition. Proper oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and professional periodontal treatment are crucial for preventing and managing gum disease to avoid these complications.