What are fallen arches in A and P?

In anatomy and physiology (A and P), fallen arches refer to a condition known as pes planus, also commonly called flat feet. Fallen arches occur when the longitudinal arch of the foot collapses or flattens, resulting in the entire sole of the foot coming into contact with the ground.

Normally, the foot has an arched structure supported by ligaments, tendons, and muscles that helps absorb shock and distribute weight evenly during walking or standing. However, when these supporting structures weaken or become damaged, the arch can collapse, leading to fallen arches.

Fallen arches can be flexible, where the arch is visible when the foot is not bearing weight but collapses when standing, or rigid, where the arch remains flattened even when the foot is not bearing weight.

Causes of fallen arches can include:

1. Genetics: Some individuals may have an inherited tendency towards developing fallen arches due to the structure of their feet and connective tissues.

2. Age-related changes: As people age, the ligaments and tendons in the feet may lose elasticity and strength, leading to a flattening of the arches.

3. Obesity: Excess body weight can put additional strain on the feet, causing the arches to collapse.

4. Certain medical conditions: Conditions like diabetes, arthritis, and nerve damage can affect the muscles and ligaments in the feet, leading to fallen arches.

5. Injury or trauma: Damage to the bones, ligaments, or tendons in the foot as a result of an injury can cause the arch to collapse.

Fallen arches can cause various symptoms, including foot pain, discomfort while walking or standing, swelling in the feet or ankles, and abnormal wear and tear on the shoes. In some cases, severe fallen arches may also affect posture and gait, leading to pain in the knees, hips, or back.

Treatment for fallen arches can include conservative measures such as orthotic devices (custom-made shoe inserts), physical therapy to strengthen the muscles and improve flexibility, and weight loss if necessary. In severe cases, surgery may be recommended to correct the arch.