What Are the Theories of Set Points & Setting Points in Relation to Weight Control?

According to a publication by Georgia Highlands College, approximately 40 percent of Americans are overweight, 60 percent of those severely enough to be labeled obese. These numbers give rise to countless fad diets as well as some scientific studies. In 1982, doctors William Bennett and Joel Gurin published "The Dieter's Dilemma: Eating Less and Weighing More," giving rise to the theory of a biological set point.

Thermostat

• The set point theory explains that human bodies have a type of thermostat within that regulates the amount of body fat it maintains. Just as a thermostat keeps the constant temperature in a house, the body thermostat keeps a person's weight at a certain level by holding on to the fat. The hypothalamus, part of the brain, plays the role of the thermostat according to the set point theory.

Energy Level

• The set point theory explains that the body holds onto fat in two ways. First, when in danger of losing enough fat to drop below the set point, the body slows down. Lethargy and even depression occur, making it more difficult for the person to find the energy and motivation to exercise. The body reacts as if it is starving and slows activity to cling to fat stores.

Hunger

• The second way the body tries to maintain fat levels is by increasing hunger. The hypothalamus controls satiety, signaling the body when to start eating and when to stop. The theory says that the hypothalamus triggers feelings of hunger when dieters begin their programs, working against the conscious decision to eat less. Low-calorie diets, therefore, remain ineffective for long-term weight loss since the body struggles to maintain the current fat level and weight.

Resetting

• To achieve weight loss, dieters must therefore lower their set point. As of 2011, researchers have not discovered a definitive way to reduce the set point, but regular exercise offers the most promise. Diet pills that affect the hypothalamus, such as phentermine, may also offer more success since they stimulate the hypothalamus and affect appetite. Some medical professionals believe that losing just 10 percent of body weight and maintaining that loss over six months may lower the set point. Eating foods high in fiber and low in fat, including fresh fruits and vegetables, dining regularly to prevent the body entering starvation mode, and starting regular exercise habits may also reduce set point and lead to long-lasting weight loss.