What causes neonatal tetanus?

Neonatal tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is commonly found in soil, dust, and manure. It can also be found in the human gut.

Neonatal tetanus occurs when the bacterium enters the body through the umbilical cord stump of a newborn baby. The bacteria then produces a toxin that damages the nervous system, leading to severe muscle spasms, lockjaw, and death.

Neonatal tetanus is most common in developing countries, where access to clean birthing facilities and tetanus vaccinations may be limited. It can also occur in developed countries, but it is rare.

Risk factors for neonatal tetanus include:

- Unclean delivery conditions

- Use of unsterile instruments during childbirth

- Delay in cutting the umbilical cord

- Failure to give the newborn a tetanus vaccine

Symptoms of neonatal tetanus usually appear within the first 10 days of life. They can include:

- Stiffness of the jaw (lockjaw)

- Difficulty swallowing

- Irritability

- Fever

- Rapid breathing

- Convulsions

- Death

Neonatal tetanus can be fatal, especially if it is not treated promptly. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and supportive care.