What problems are caused when babies born with a hole between the left and right atria?
When babies are born with a hole between the left and right atria, known as an atrial septal defect (ASD), it can lead to several problems in their health and well-being. Here are some of the potential issues caused by an ASD:
1. Mixing of Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Blood: The presence of a hole between the atria allows oxygenated blood from the left atrium to mix with deoxygenated blood from the right atrium. This mixing reduces the overall oxygen content in the blood pumped out to the body, leading to a condition called cyanosis, where the skin appears bluish due to low oxygen levels.
2. Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow: The abnormal flow of blood through the ASD causes an increase in the amount of blood entering the lungs. This increased pulmonary blood flow can put strain on the lungs, leading to pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs) and potential respiratory problems.
3. Enlargement of the Heart: The increased blood flow through the heart due to the ASD can cause the heart to enlarge over time. This enlargement, known as cardiac hypertrophy, can lead to heart failure if left untreated.
4. Arrhythmias: ASDs can also lead to abnormal heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias. These irregular heartbeats can affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, potentially causing symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and chest pain.
5. Stroke Risk: An ASD can increase the risk of stroke in adulthood. The abnormal blood flow through the heart and the potential for blood clots can lead to the formation of emboli, which are blood clots that can travel to the brain, causing a stroke.
6. Developmental Delays: In severe cases, an ASD can affect the baby's growth and development. The reduced oxygen levels in the blood can impair the baby's mental and physical development, leading to developmental delays.
7. Heart Failure: Untreated ASDs can eventually lead to heart failure, where the heart becomes too weak to pump blood effectively. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, and coughing up blood.
It is important to note that the severity of these problems can vary depending on the size and location of the ASD. Some ASDs may be small and cause minimal symptoms, while others may be large and require medical intervention. Regular monitoring, medical care, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to address the issues associated with an ASD and ensure the baby's long-term health and well-being.