Poisoning From Permanent Markers

Although there is no specific name for the condition, permanent markers do contain a dangerous chemical that can cause skin poisoning. While most markers are considered to be non-poisonous, many brands contain a chemical called Xylene that can trigger an allergic reaction, especially when ink is applied directly to skin.

Xylene

• Xylene contains three isomers: ortho-xylene, meta-xylene and para-xylene. All three are colorless, flammable liquids characterized by a sweet odor. Entry into the body can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin and eye contact. At low levels it acts as an irritant to eye and mucus membranes; at higher concentrations it acts as a narcotic. Extremely high levels have been linked to liver failure, amnesia and even death. It is important to note, however, that such high volumes of Xylene would require exposure far beyond the capacity of a single marker.

Symptoms of Exposure

• Acute exposure to Xylene may include nausea, headaches, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, irritation of eyes, nose and throat, and loss of fine motor skills. It is possible, if using a permanent marker for a sustained period of time without proper ventilation, for such exposure to occur.

  Chronic exposure may cause liver and kidney damage, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, and dryness of the nose and throat.

Emergency Procedures

• If Xylene is introduced into the eyes, flush immediately with cold water for a minimum of 15 minutes. For skin exposure, wash with soap and water. For inhalation, remove the victim to fresh air. Should the victim stop breathing, perform CPR and contact emergency personnel immediately. If ingested, do not induce vomiting. Have the victim drink large amounts of water and alert emergency personnel.

Xylene in Markers

• A permanent marker is designed to be able to write on virtually any surface. This ink gains its permanence by being water resistant. This makes cleaning the ink difficult, even using soap. Most markers have ink that contains Xylene, which is used as a solvent. Using such a solvent in a concentrated form will actually remove the ink. Permanent marker ink is similar to spray paint in that it gives off fumes that contain nonvolatile compounds. These fumes, although considered non-lethal in the doses typically found in ink and paint, are highly flammable.

Other Sources of Xylene

• Xylene may also be found in the following products: motor and aviation fuels; as a solvent in lacquer, varnishes, paint and dyes; hydrogen peroxide; some perfumes; insect repellents; vitamins; leather treatment; and pharmaceuticals.