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The Effects of Cocaine on an Unborn Child

Cocaine is a highly addictive, illicit substance that acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system. When used by a pregnant woman, cocaine can harm the unborn child in a number of ways. It can also affect the woman's health, already stressed by pregnancy. Damaging side effects can occur at any time throughout the pregnancy, as well as contribute to long-term complications in the developing child.

  1. Pregnancy

    • Cocaine can reach the fetus via the umbilical cord, the placental vessels and the amniotic fluid. Cocaine use is associated with a higher risk for miscarriage, and a known association exists between cocaine exposure and urinary tract defects in the fetus. It can also cause a stroke in the fetus, which can lead to irreversible brain damage or death. Because women who use cocaine may also engage in other unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, such as using alcohol or tobacco and not practicing good nutrition, it's sometimes unclear if cocaine is the cause or a contributing factor.

    Placental Abruption

    • Cocaine use is a known risk factor for placental abruption, in which the placenta -- which provides nourishment to the fetus -- either partially or completely peels away from the inner lining of the uterus. It can deprive the fetus of oxygen, blood flow or nutrients, which can lead to complications ranging from death to neurological problems after birth; the mother may experience shock or heavy bleeding. Although this condition is life-threatening to both mother and fetus, it can be treated if caught in time.

    Premature Labor

    • Cocaine use may trigger preterm (before 37 weeks) labor and delivery. The last stages of pregnancy are particularly critical for full organ development in the fetus. Premature or low birth-weight babies (less than 5 lbs., 8 oz.) often are at higher risk for health problems, such as respiratory, digestive or neurological difficulties, and they are at higher risk for infection. The Mayo Clinic reports that children born prematurely also have a higher risk of learning disabilities, developmental disabilities and behavior problems later in life.

    Outlook

    • Evidence points to normal intelligence levels among most children exposed to cocaine before birth, contradicting earlier concerns that prenatal exposure may contribute to lower intelligence levels, even brain damage. However, these children may still experience learning and behavioral challenges, which can be managed with proper guidance and care. Another study has suggested that these children physically develop from birth to age10 at a slower rate.

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