Mandible: What To Know

Overview

The mandible, or lower jawbone, is the largest and strongest bone in the face, and one of the few that can move. It is formed by two separate bones that fuse together in the midline. The mandible articulates with the temporal bones of the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). These joints allow the mandible to move up and down, and from side to side.

Anatomy of the Mandible

The mandible has a complex anatomy, with a variety of important structures. These include:

* The body: The main part of the mandible, which forms the chin and lower border of the face

* The rami: Two vertical branches that extend upwards from the body and form the sides of the mandible

* The condyles: Two rounded projections on the superior aspect of the rami that articulate with the TMJs

* The coronoid processes: Two hook-shaped projections on the anterior aspect of the rami that provide attachment for the temporalis muscle

* The mental foramen: An opening on the anterior surface of the mandible through which the mental nerve and vessels pass

* The inferior alveolar canal: A canal that runs through the mandible and contains the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels

Functions of the Mandible

The mandible has several important functions, including:

* Speech: The mandible is essential for producing speech sounds, as it is responsible for moving the lower teeth against the upper teeth

* Mastication: The mandible is also essential for mastication, or chewing, as it is responsible for moving the lower teeth against the upper teeth to break down food

* Swallowing: The mandible is involved in swallowing, as it helps to propel food from the mouth into the pharynx

* Respiration: The mandible is also involved in respiration, as it helps to control the diameter of the airway

Clinical Significance

The mandible can be affected by a variety of conditions, including:

* Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD): These are a group of conditions that affect the TMJs, and can cause pain, stiffness, and clicking or popping sounds in the jaw

* Mandibular fractures: These are breaks in the mandible, which can occur as a result of trauma, such as a fall or a car accident

* Mandibular tumors: These are growths that can occur in the mandible, and can be either benign or malignant

* Mandibular prognathism: This is a condition in which the mandible is too large, and can cause a variety of problems, including difficulty chewing and speaking, as well as sleep apnea

* Mandibular retrognathism: This is a condition in which the mandible is too small, and can cause a variety of problems, including difficulty chewing and breathing, as well as a receding chin

Treatment of Mandibular Conditions

The treatment of mandibular conditions depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include:

* Medications: These may be used to relieve pain and inflammation, or to treat underlying medical conditions

* Physical therapy: This can help to improve range of motion and reduce pain

* Surgery: This may be necessary to correct severe TMJ disorders, mandibular fractures, or mandibular tumors