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Toxicology Of Isopropanol

Isopropanol, commonly known as rubbing alcohol, is an invaluable addition to a home. It is an effective cleaner, disinfectant, and antiseptic. Nearly everyone has had some experience with the uses of isopropanol. Like many substances, it can be dangerous if abused or misused. Isopropanol is converted into acetone in the liver and can cause renal and hepatic failure.

  1. Metabolization

    • Isopropanol is metabolized into acetone, which is not further metabolized. This occurs because of the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, a family of enzymes that convert alcohols into ketones and aldehydes by the reduction of NAD+. Isopropanol and acetone are both depressants and cause a decrease in CNS activity.

    Symptoms of Poisoning

    • According to the MSDS for Isopropanol, symptoms of ingestion include drowsiness, unconsciousness, gut pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, and death. The lethal dose for an adult human is eight ounces. Inhalation causes staggering, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, unconsciousness, and death. Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and absorption with systemic effects.

    Handling Procedures

    • Gloves, preferably neoprene or nitrile rubber, should be worn when you handle isopropanol. The time weighted average limit for airborne exposure is 200 ppm. The short-term limit is 400 ppm. Adequate ventilation should be present to maintain levels below these values. Lab goggles or full-face protective masks should be worn whenever splashing of isopropanol may occur. Isoproanol should be stored in a cool, dark environment, as heat and light may lead to instability of the substance.

    First Aid

    • In the event of inhalation, the afflicted person should be exposed to fresh air. He or she should be given artificial respiration if not breathing or oxygen if breathing is difficult. If it is ingested, give the person large amounts of water if he or she is still conscious. For skin contact, flush the area with large amounts of water for at least fifteen minutes. For eye contact, flush the eye with water for at least fifteen minutes, moving the eyelids periodically. In the event of ingestion, inhalation, eye contact or irritation, or redness after skin contact, seek medical attention.

    Other Hazards

    • Isopropanol is flammable in the presence of heat and flames but not shocks. The flash point is 18.3-24 degrees Celsius for a closed container. The autoignition temperature is 399 degrees Celsius. When ignited, byproducts are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, both of which are poisonous. In the event of isopropanol fires, use alcohol foam, water spray, or fog. Chemical powder can be used on small fires.

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