Why do alcohol makes you drunk?

Ethanol, the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, has several effects on the body when consumed, including causing drunkenness or intoxication. Here's why:

1. Effects on the Central Nervous System: Ethanol primarily acts on the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. It enhances the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and reduces the activity of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate. This imbalance shifts the brain towards inhibition, suppressing certain neural pathways and resulting in various changes in perception, behavior, and coordination.

2. Impaired Cognition and Judgment: With increasing blood alcohol levels, alcohol affects the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions like reasoning, judgment, and decision-making. This can lead to impaired judgment and a sense of euphoria or lowered inhibitions, which may contribute to risky behavior.

3. Motor Skills: Alcohol affects the cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination. Even at lower blood alcohol levels, the ability to perform precise motor tasks like walking and driving may be compromised.

4. Nausea and Vomiting: Ethanol can irritate the stomach lining, leading to nausea and vomiting in some individuals. This is especially common when drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or consuming it on an empty stomach.

5. Alcohol Metabolism and Toxicity: The liver is primarily responsible for metabolizing (breaking down) alcohol. When the rate of alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's processing capacity, the blood alcohol level rises, leading to intoxication. Furthermore, alcohol can produce toxic substances during its metabolism, such as acetaldehyde, contributing to the negative effects of excessive drinking.

6. Sleep Disturbances: Alcohol can initially have a sedative effect, making one fall asleep more easily. However, it can disrupt sleep patterns later in the night, leading to restless and disrupted sleep.

It's important to note that individual sensitivity to alcohol and its effects can vary widely, influenced by factors such as gender, age, body weight, drinking experience, and the presence of underlying medical conditions. Responsible and moderate alcohol consumption is generally recommended to minimize potential health risks.