Causes of Menstrual Cramps

During menstruation, some women experience cramping in the abdomen and pelvis. There are two types of menstrual cramps, or dysmenorrhea; primary dysmenorrhea occurs in the lower belly and secondary dysmenorrhea affects the lower back. More than half of menstruating women suffer from dysmenorrhea.

Normal Menustration

• In a normal menstrual cycle, the uterus prepares itself for pregnancy. If ovulation comes and goes and there is no fetus to nurture, the uterus will flush its lining. The uterus swells as hormone levels change, the lining begins to die and the body releases prostaglandin. The uterus responds to the chemical by contracting and expelling the lining through the cervix.

Endometriosis

• Endometriosis occurs when uterine tissue is positioned incorrectly in the abdomen. Menstrual cramps caused by endometriosis will often wane or intensify according to hormone levels in a woman's body. Women who have endometriosis may suffer from primary dysmenorrhea. Endometriosis can also cause heavy bleeding and infertility.

Miscarriage

• Miscarriage occurs when the body naturally and spontaneously aborts a fetus. Severe lower abdominal cramps is commonly reported among women who have a miscarriage. Heavy bleeding is also associated with miscarriage.

Fibroids

• Uterine fibroids can also cause menstrual cramps. Benign tumors can grow to varying sizes in a woman's uterus. Three out of four women have fibroids, but not all suffer from menstrual cramps. Fibroids can be detected using ultrasound.

Calcium Deficiency

• Premenstrual syndrome-related cramping can occur when there are low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium levels decrease about a week to 10 days before the start of a woman's period. Calcium deficiency can also result in sleepless nights and depression.