Who were the people affected by policies of extraterritoriality?

Foreigners in China:

- They enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which exempted them from Chinese laws and enabled them to be tried in their home countries' consular courts.

- They established concessions and settlements in various Chinese cities, where they had considerable autonomy.

Chinese People in China:

- They were subject to Chinese laws and had limited rights and protections compared to foreigners.

- They faced unequal treatment in their own country and were often discriminated against by foreigners who enjoyed extraterritorial privileges.

Chinese People Abroad:

- They were not protected by extraterritorial rights and were subject to the laws of the countries they resided in.

- They often faced discrimination and limitations on their rights and opportunities in foreign countries.