Existential Group Tools

The use of existential theory in psychotherapy began in the 20th century. The main tenets of the theory, as applied to psychotherapy, are that people are ultimately alone and that this causes them anxiety. Dr. Irvin D. Yalom was one of the first psychiatrists to use existential philosophy in the field of psychology. Existential therapy focuses both on the finality of death and on helping patients be more self-aware.

Obituary/Eulogy

• Existentialism in psychotherapy is concerned with helping patients reduce anxiety through understanding death. Give the group an assignment to write their own obituary or eulogy if they were to die today. Have members dress in black and read their eulogies aloud to the group. Discuss the process at the end of group session and have patients share their feelings about the task.

Gendlin Focusing

• Use the Gendlin focusing technique or another form of meditation in group therapy. In existential psychology, each group member should become aware of himself, and Gendlin focusing can help patients achieve that. Encourage group members to close their eyes and concentrate on their breathing. Ask each how his life is going and have him choose one personal problem to focus on. Have group members feel the problem and help define it.

Empty Chair

• Although the empty-chair technique is part of Gestalt therapy, many existential psychotherapists also use it. The technique is useful in group settings because enables group members to process a loss or unresolved conflict in a safe environment. Place an empty chair in front of a group member who has expressed some unresolved conflict involving a person who has died. Encourage the patient to talk to the empty chair as she would if the person she lost were sitting in it. Have the entire group discuss and process the exercise when finished.

Narrative Therapy

• One of the most important components of group therapy is allowing group members to retell their personal story or narrative. In existential group therapy, allowing patients to share their stories is equally important. As group leader, guide patients to share their stories based on the subject of the group. Group leaders can also use open-ended questions to fill in gaps in the narrative. Encourage group members to discuss and relate to each other's narratives by pointing out any similarities.