How is Depression Characterized?

1. Symptoms: Persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

2. Duration: At least 2 weeks with symptoms occurring most of the day, nearly every day.

3. Impact: Causes significant distress and impairs functioning in personal, work, or academic areas.

4. Subtypes:

- _Major Depressive Disorder_: Meets the criteria for depression, can have psychotic features.

- _Persistent Depressive Disorder_: Also called dysthymia, involves less severe but long-lasting symptoms (over 2 years).

- _Postpartum Depression_: Occurs after childbirth.

- _Psychotic Depression_: Includes depressive symptoms plus delusions or hallucinations.

- _Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)_: Depression triggered by changes in seasons (winter).

5. Diagnostic Criteria: Meets specific diagnostic criteria as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

6. Comorbidity: Frequently co-occurs with anxiety disorders, substance abuse, or medical conditions.

7. Treatment Options: Includes medication, psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), lifestyle interventions, brain stimulation techniques, and lifestyle changes.