What are the characteristics of an involuntary group?

Involuntary groups consist of people who are born into the group based on characteristics they did not choose. The key characteristics of an involuntary group are mentioned below:

- Ascription: Involuntary groups are based on ascribed statuses, which are characteristics that individuals have not chosen and cannot change; these often are physical, biological or social characteristics such as race, gender or family origin.

- Categorisation: People are categorised into involuntary groups based on their traits. The categorisation can be formal, such as citizenship, or informal, such as age grades.

- Norms: Involuntary norms or expectations often come to be associated with involuntary group membership. People may be treated differently based on ascribed characteristics, regardless of their individual merits or abilities.

- Status and privilege: Involuntary group memberships often give the members either privileged or disadvantaged status in society, which can have consequences for their life chances, power, social mobility and well being.

- Social identity and consciousness: Involuntary groups can be a source of social identity, leading to group consciousness, pride and solidarity among members. This awareness of involuntary group membership can contribute to collective action, social movements, and efforts for social justice.