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The Biochemical Influences on Aggression

Aggression does not just encompass physical violence. Everything from rude behavior to anger problems are forms of aggression. With this in mind, you may wonder why some people are always calm, while others seem to lose their temper over the slightest annoyance. The answer to this can be found in biochemistry. The natural, chemical properties in humans and animals have a major influence on aggression.

  1. Stress Hormones

    • A 2004 article by the American Psychological Association cited an experiment on rats. It revealed that injecting them with corticosterone -- the rat equivalent of human stress hormone, cortisol -- immediately triggered an aggressive stress reaction. The APA explains that rats and humans are neurologically similar, so what applies with rats can easily apply for humans as well. If this is the case, the findings may explain the root cause of angry outbursts, such as road rage. It also explains why many people are rude or disagreeable because of personal problems.

    Testosterone

    • The male hormone, testosterone, has become infamous because of its supposed tendency to increase aggression. However, "Time Magazine" reveals that not only is this a myth, but testosterone may even reduce aggression. The confusion stems from the fact that testosterone causes "status-seeking." In other words, people with high levels of this hormone may be more inclined to show off or act superior. In some cases, this need for superiority can lead to aggression, but correlation does not always equal causation. According to the article, "Testosterone: Not Always an Aggression Booster," a sudden increase in testosterone "may prompt people to engage in more cooperative behavior."

    Serotonin

    • According to the Dana Foundation, serotonin is an important biochemical for stimulating feelings of pleasure and happiness. In turn, it is no surprise that the chemical "plays a critical role in regulating emotions such as impulsive aggression" and reckless behavior. It works as an inhibitor, maintaining control over aggressive reactions. In other words, a lack of serotonin makes a person much more likely to lash out, lose one's temper or resort to violence during times of social stress.

    Genetics

    • While serotonin is known to mediate aggression, the chemical's effect is determined by how your body receives it. According to "Science Daily," the University of Pittsburgh studied the serotonin receptor gene known as 2C in 550 women. Of those subjects tested, women who had anomalies or alterations in the 2C gene were more likely to display hostile or aggressive behaviors.

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