The Effect of Fecal Coliform Bacteria on the Environment

Fecal coliform bacteria are naturally occurring organisms that can be found in the feces of humans and other animals, and their presence is used as an indicator of biological contamination of water sources. The bacterium has a number of impacts on both the environment and public health, and is consequently monitored closely by municipal water districts, governmental and environmental agencies.

Fecal Coliform Bacteria

• Fecal coliform bacteria can be found in the digestive systems of most warm-blooded animals, and their presence in this context is relatively benign. They aid in the digestion of food and substantial amounts are passed through the intestinal tract in feces. High levels of fecal coliform bacteria in water are not dangerous by themselves, but are instead used as a reliable indicator for other pathogens that are commonly found in water sources contaminated with feces. The same environmental conditions that nurture high levels of fecal coliform bacteria are also favorable for a wide range of disease-causing organisms, which can have significant impacts on the environment and public health.

Environmental Impact

• A high level of fecal coliform bacteria usually indicates large amounts of untreated feces or other organic material in water, which has a number of environmental impacts. The organic matter that plays host to the bacteria decays aerobically, which can severely diminish oxygen levels and kills fish and other oxygen-dependant wildlife. Cleanup efforts usually involve the use of harsh chemicals such as chlorine, which kills a wide range of beneficial bacteria as well. The presence of fecal pollutants in water also contributes to the growth of algae and weeds, which can lower oxygen levels and block water flow.

Public Health Impact

• Fecal coliform bacteria can also have severe impacts of public health. Bodies of water with high levels of this bacterium can contain a wide range of disease-causing parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Illnesses contracted by people exposed to such water can range from mild conditions like ear infections to life-threatening conditions like typhoid fever or hepatitis. Parasitic worms and bacterial pathogens like Salmonella are also commonly found in water that tests positive for high levels of fecal coliform bacteria.

Remediation Techniques

• Fecal coliform cleanup efforts can involve treating the water with chemicals such as chlorine or iodine, or filtration techniques. Smaller quantities of water can be sanitized via boiling. People exposed to contaminated water can prevent many types of infection by washing thoroughly after exposure. Most remediation efforts focus on removing the source of the bacteria, such as leaky sewage systems or improper use of fertilizer. Pet waste is also a contributor to fecal contamination of waterways, as is leaking septic tanks. Proper disposal procedures in industrial, agricultural and residential settings can significantly reduce water contamination.