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What Are the Functions of Propylene Glycol?

Propylene glycol is a synthetic liquid alcohol present in a variety of consumer products. Its uses range from chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries, in which the Food and Drug Administration approves its use as an additive, according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The undetectability of this compound--due to its odorless, tasteless and colorless properties--enhances its overall functionality.

  1. Water Absorption

    • The Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases says that propylene glycol helps in absorbing water, which facilitates several industrial and mechanical processes. Antifreeze and de-icing solutions for cars, airplanes and boats commonly contain propylene glycol for its water absorption properties. In certain foods, medicines and cosmetics, propylene glycol helps regulate moisture levels to increase shelf life and ensure a fresher product.

    Solvent

    • The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry states that propylene glycol serves as a solvent in the paint and plastics industry. For example, propylene glycol ethers have a bifunctional nature, meaning the polarity of the composition helps in removing surface coatings, according to Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff in his book "Industrial Solvents Handbook." Propylene glycol ethers can also act as a coupling agent, which can help bind otherwise non-binding materials and is present in products such as water-based paints. Robert Rietschel, Joseph Fowler and Alexander Fisher write in their book "Fisher's Contact Dermatitis" that propylene glycol is especially useful in the food-chemical industry as it helps to dissolve food colors and flavoring agents for aesthetic and palatability purposes.

    Antimicrobial

    • Propylene glycol is often present in cosmetics, hand and body lotions and antiperspirants due to its antimicrobial activity, note Rietschel, Fowler and Fisher. It's effective against the bacteria E. coli and the fungus candida, or yeast. Tinea versicolor and seborrheic dermatitis also respond to this compound, but only in high concentrations. In beauty products it can help prevent bacterial proliferation for safe application onto the skin. The book also notes that propylene glycol is non-comedogenic, meaning it does not clog pores, which can cause acne or other blemishes.

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