Alternative to Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Embryonic stem cell research is a topic of continuing study, and an issue of ongoing controversy. The potential these cells hold to develop and enhance numerous medical treatment options is great, though some view the ethics behind the practice as questionable. The search for alternatives to embryonic stem cell use provides a means for continued research and study while ethical issues are addressed.

Embryonic Stem Cells

• The controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells hinges on the use of viable embryos for research or experimental purposes. The question of when a human life begins is the central issue in the use of human embryos. From a scientific standpoint, these cells hold the blueprints for every organ and cell type within the body. Research attempts work toward understanding how these cells develop into various tissues and organ masses. Once understood, a whole new area of medical treatment may be possible. And while embryonic stem cell research holds potential, other stem cell research areas may provide an alternative route to understanding how these cells work.

Adult Stem Cells

• Adult stem cell research alternatives focus on the use of the body's existing cell population. Also known as somatic cells, an adult cell contains the blueprints for any cell type that exists within the region, or organ from which it came. In effect, these cells have the same capabilities in terms of being able to manufacture other cell types. The difference is that embryonic cells can manufacture any cell type in the body, while adult cells can only manufacture certain cell types. There is less controversy surrounding this line of research as no embryonic material is used, however the use of the DNA contained inside these cells is another issue of ethical concern.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer -- also known as therapeutic cloning -- involves the use of a hollowed-out ovum cell, meaning all the original DNA material is removed. An adult cell's nucleus, or DNA material, is then transferred into the ovum cell. Through electrical stimulation, the ovum begins to grow as if its original embryo were intact. Adult cells used in this method are capable of producing any cell type in the body except embryonic cells. The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the donor cell type. As an alternative stem cell research model, this method is less controversial than the use of viable embryonic cells; again, some still have ethical concerns about the use of DNA materials.

Induced Pluripotent Cells

• Induced pluripotent cells are adult cells that have been genetically engineered to behave like embryonic cells. This is accomplished by injecting specific genes and catalyst molecules into the DNA of an adult cell. This technique uses no embryonic stem cell materials, however the resulting cells are able to differentiate into any cell type within the body, much like embryonic stem cells can. As an alternative research model, little if any controversial issues are brought to light. There is, however, concern about possible cancer-causing agents being transferred through the donor DNA material.

Epidermal Neural Crest Cells

• Epidermal neural crest stem cells are adult cells that form the hair follicles on the scalp. These cells are capable of generating a number of different cell types within the body. In their original form, they can differentiate into endocrine, bone and muscle cells. When induced, or electrically stimulated inside a culture, even more cell types are possible. As an alternative research method, the use of epidermal cells involves no embryonic material. Their ability to differentiate into a number of cell types makes them a viable embryonic stem cell alternative.