How to Prevent a Shark Attack

Largely the result of sensationalized fiction like Peter Benchley’s “Jaws,” sharks are often misconstrued to be indiscriminate killing machines. Although novels and films like “Jaws” are entertaining, their portrayal of sharks is quite inaccurate. There are over 400 different shark species, of which only 39 have been positively associated with attacks on humans. Most experts agree that the most common cause of shark attacks is the victim being mistaken for a seal or other prey. There are three different categories for shark attacks: hit and run; bump and bite; and sneak attacks. The first is seldom fatal and usually occurs within the surf zone. The second and third are less common, but more likely to be fatal. Often, divers and swimmers are the victims of such attacks. Bump and bite attacks typically involve the shark circling and bumping the victim before attacking. This behavior is likely due to curiosity or fear of threat. The brain of a shark is not equipped for extensive thought; its main job is to coordinate basic survival functions. The third type of attack is sudden and occurs with no warning. Approximately 50 to 75 shark attacks occur per year, of which about 8 to 12 are fatal. In 2007, 76 unprovoked attacks were reported. Although rare, shark attacks do occur. A shark is a very powerful creature capable of inflicting severe and potentially life-threatening injuries. For these reasons, it is important to have basic knowledge of sharks and take precautions while swimming, diving, surfing or engaging in other aquatic activities. Here are some useful tips to avoid an unfriendly encounter with a shark.

Instructions

How to Prevent a Shark Attack

• 1

  Whenever possible, swim in groups. Sharks are more likely to attack a lone swimmer.

• 2

  Sharks have lateral lines along their head and body that allow them to sense vibration, sound and movement. They also have a feature known as ampullae of Lorenzini, which is a collection of receptor cells on the lower jaw, snout and around the eyes. This feature allows them to detect electrical fields. Try to avoid excessive splashing and erratic movements. It is also wise to keep pets away from the water.

• 3

  From a shark’s point of view, shiny jewelry can easily be mistaken for the scales of prey. Avoid wearing any shiny accessories while in the water.

• 4

  Sharks are mildly farsighted and see in color. They easily detect contrast in colors, so it is wise to avoid wearing bright colored apparel while in the water.

• 5

  The eyes of a shark are ten times more capable of adjusting to darkness than humans, due to a reflective pigment called tapetum lucidum (this pigment is also present in the eyes of cats). Never swim in murky water or in the dark as sharks have a sensory advantage over humans.

• 6

  Although most attacks occur within several yards of the shore in water approximately four feet deep, it is wise not to stray too far into the water. In the event of an attack, you will be better able to receive assistance if you are not far from the shore.

• 7

  Sharks are attracted to blood and can detect a single drop from up to a mile away. Never swim if you are bleeding and stay away from fishing areas (dead fish and chum are often used as bait).

• 8

  Calmly and quickly exit the water if surrounding fish behave strangely. This may be a good indication of the presence of a shark.

• 9

  A shark does not have to attack to cause damage. The skin of a shark is covered with dermal denticles, which make it very abrasive. Severe chafing and bleeding may result from contact with shark skin.

• 10

  Last and most important: know your sharks! Knowledge is your best protection against a shark attack. Be aware of how, when and why sharks attack. Avoid behaviors that will attract them. Avoid steep drop-offs, river mouths and other areas where dangerous sharks are prevalent.