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Adverse Health Effects of Chlorine Gas in Swim Pools

Chlorine, commonly used in industry and for household cleaning products, is one of the most produced chemicals in the U.S. Chlorine acts as a sanitation agent often used for disinfecting swimming pools. When used for cleaning swimming pools in its gas form, however, chlorine can potentially pose serious and adverse health risks to those exposed.

  1. Background

    • Moderately soluble in water, chlorine gas occurs from the electrolysis of salt water. When the gas form of chlorine and water are added together, the reaction that occurs results in HOCl (hypochlorious acid) and HCl (hydrochloric acid). The acid continues to oxidize cells until it combines with nitrogen or ammonia, forming a chloramine or gets broken back down into salt water. Chlorine gas is one of the most common irritants from inhalation exposure.

    Moderate Effects

    • Chlorine exists as a gas in its elemental state and is available for sanitation of swimming pools. Gas is often used because of its pure form and inexpensive cost. Due to the dangerous nature of the gas, restrictions often apply, making its use in swimming pools fairly rare. Typically chlorine in a solution of water used for swimming pools causes little to no harm on swimmers. Chloramines, which do result in poorly balanced swimming pools, can cause red eyes in swimmers. Allergic reactions to chlorine can also cause skin irritation. Low levels of chlorine typically result in nose, throat and eye irritation. Immediate effects include inflammation and swelling of the nose, trachea and throat, often resulting in pulmonary congestion.

    Severe Effects

    • Extremely high levels of chlorine in swimming pools can release gas off the surface, potentially causing breathing difficulties. The person most at risk is often the one responsible for adding chlorine to the pool. Breathing in chlorine gas can cause unconsciousness or even death. Higher levels of chlorine gas can cause coughing, changes in breathing rate and damage to the lungs. Direct exposure can also cause acute damage in the upper and lower respiratory tract.

    Permanent Conditions

    • An inflammatory reaction may develop in some people as a result of chlorine gas exposure. Called reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), this "occupational asthma" stems from overexposure. Chlorine's nature as a water-soluble gas with high oxidant capacity makes it a common cause of RADS. Those who already have respiratory conditions often experience more severe effects to chlorine exposure.

    Handling Chlorine

    • Chlorine gas can be released into the air accidentally when chlorinating swimming pools. Always handle chemicals properly and according to their labels. Wear protective handling gear at all times when handling chlorine in its gas form. If skin contact does occur, wash it immediately to prevent irritation. Mixing chlorine with any other chemical can also have disastrous effects, including explosions.

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