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Side Effects of Perchlorate in Humans

Perchlorate (ClO4) is a chemical compound made up of chlorine and oxygen. In March 1998, it was listed as a contaminant, even though a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for perchlorate does not exist. Since January 2001, all large public water systems and some small public water systems are required to monitor their perchlorate levels.

  1. Uses

    • Perchlorate's Use in Explosive Materials

      Manufactured perchlorate is used as an oxidizer for rockets and missiles, as well as fireworks, road flares, matches, and air bag inflation systems. Naturally occurring perchlorate usually comes from the Chilean desert, and is mainly used in commercial fertilizers.

    Water and Soil Contamination

    • Perchlorate salts are highly soluble in water and can remain for decades in groundwater, surface water and soil. Perchlorate is also easily absorbed by agricultural produce and exposed cattle. As a result, it has been found in dairy products, vegetables and even breast milk.

    Actions

    • Perchlorate can disrupt thyroid function and hormone production. In humans, the thyroid gland helps to regulate metabolism and growth. Thyroid is essential for the development of the central nervous system of the fetus.

    Health Effects

    • Pregnant women, infants and children are the most sensitive to perchlorate-induced thyroid problems. Possible effects include changes in behavior, delayed development and decreased learning capability. Also, thyroid gland tumors can result from changes in thyroid hormone levels.

    Other Side Effects

    • Until the 1960's, doctors used perchlorate to treat Grave's Disease, a condition that causes an overproduction of thyroid hormones. This practice was stopped because treated patients developed irreversible side effects, including such blood disorders as aplastic anemia.

    Treatment

    • To get rid of perchlorate, water supplies are usually treated by removal or destruction technologies. Still, perchlorate contamination remains a considerable challenge because perchlorate exists in small concentrations and is resistant to most treatment technologies.

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