What causes difficult labor?

1. Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)

This is the most common cause of difficult labor. It occurs when the baby's head is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis. CPD can be caused by a number of factors, including:

- A large baby

- A narrow pelvis

- A tilted pelvis

- A malpositioned baby

2. Fetal malposition

This occurs when the baby is not in the optimal position for birth. Some of the most common fetal malpositions include:

- Occipitoposterior position (the baby's face is turned toward the mother's spine)

- Breech position (the baby's bottom is down)

- Transverse lie (the baby is lying sideways in the uterus)

3. Maternal factors

A number of maternal factors can also contribute to difficult labor, including:

- Advanced maternal age

- Obesity

- Diabetes

- Preeclampsia

- Previous cesarean section

4. Placental abruption

This is a condition in which the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is born. Placental abruption can cause bleeding, pain, and uterine contractions. It can also lead to fetal distress and death.

5. Uterine rupture

This is a rare but serious complication of labor that occurs when the uterus tears. Uterine rupture can cause bleeding, pain, and shock. It can also lead to fetal distress and death.