What is a proctosigmoidoscopy?

A proctosigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a healthcare provider to examine the rectum and lower part of the colon, known as the sigmoid colon. It involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera and a light source attached, called a proctoscope or sigmoidoscope, into the anus.

Here's a step-by-step explanation of what happens during a proctosigmoidoscopy:

1. Preparation: Before the procedure, you may be asked to follow certain preparation instructions, such as having a bowel movement before the exam or taking a laxative to clear your bowels.

2. Positioning: During the procedure, you will typically lie on your side with your knees pulled toward your chest.

3. Insertion: The healthcare provider gently inserts the proctoscope or sigmoidoscope into your anus and slowly advances it into the rectum and lower colon.

4. Visual Examination: The healthcare provider uses the camera to examine the inner lining of the rectum and sigmoid colon. They can look for abnormalities such as polyps (growths), inflammation, ulcers, or any signs of disease.

5. Biopsy: If necessary, the healthcare provider may perform a biopsy during the procedure. This involves taking a small sample of tissue from the lining of the rectum or colon for further examination in a laboratory.

6. Removal of Polyps: If any polyps are found, they may be removed during the procedure using special instruments inserted through the proctoscope or sigmoidoscope. This is done to prevent potential future complications, such as cancer.

7. Withdrawal: Once the examination and any necessary procedures are complete, the healthcare provider gently withdraws the proctoscope or sigmoidoscope.

A proctosigmoidoscopy typically takes around 10 to 15 minutes to complete. You may experience some discomfort or a sensation of fullness during the procedure, but it should not cause significant pain. Some mild cramping or bloating can occur after the exam, which usually resolves on its own.

This procedure is commonly performed to investigate symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, or to screen for colorectal cancer. It helps in the early detection of abnormalities and can provide valuable information for diagnosis and treatment decisions.