What causes congenital cataracts?

Congenital cataracts, which are present at birth or develop in early childhood, can have various causes, including genetic factors, infections, and other conditions. Here are some of the key causes of congenital cataracts:

Genetic factors: Certain genetic mutations can lead to defects in the development of the lens, resulting in congenital cataracts. Several specific genes have been identified that are associated with inherited forms of cataracts. If there is a family history of congenital cataracts, genetic counseling and testing may be recommended to determine the underlying cause.

Infections: Congenital cataracts can be caused by intrauterine infections during pregnancy. Infections such as rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and toxoplasmosis can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus, leading to eye abnormalities, including cataracts. Adequate prenatal care and avoiding exposure to certain infections can help reduce the risk of congenital cataracts.

Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders can affect the lens and cause congenital cataracts. Examples include galactosemia, an inability to metabolize the sugar galactose, and Lowe syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects the kidneys, eyes, and brain.

Syndromic associations: Congenital cataracts can be associated with various syndromes and genetic conditions. These include conditions such as Down syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. In these cases, cataracts may occur along with other physical features or medical problems.

Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental factors during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of congenital cataracts. These factors may include radiation, certain medications, and excessive alcohol consumption. It is important for pregnant women to follow the recommendations of healthcare professionals and avoid potential hazards during pregnancy to minimize the risk of congenital cataracts.

The causes of congenital cataracts can be complex and varied, and in some cases, the exact cause may not be identified. When cataracts are present at birth or develop in early childhood, it is essential to seek prompt medical evaluation and management by an ophthalmologist who specializes in pediatric eye care. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help ensure the best possible visual outcomes for children with congenital cataracts.