Properties of Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid

Bioactive materials are used in tissue engineering, because of their biocompatibility with human tissue, which stems from their ability to mimic the structure and properties of the natural extracellular matrix. The polymer Polylactic-co-glycolic acid, or PLGA, is a widely studied biomaterial, successfully used for tissue reconstruction both on its own and incorporated with natural polymers such as collagen. Using PLGA has several advantages owing to its biodegradable, durable and flexible properties.

Tissue Engineering

• Tissue engineering is the design and utilization of bioactive substitutes that play a role in the restoration of damaged human tissue. This involves the use of bioactive scaffolding material capable of supporting tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering has been used to regenerate body structures, such as tissue-engineered windpipes. The key concern raised with tissue engineering is the interference with cellular physiology and disruption of microenvironments.

PLGA

• PLGA is a synthetic polyester produced via the double emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Its mechanical properties are closely similar to bone tissue, and upon insertion it functions by providing temporary support to the body while new bone cells naturally regenerate. PLGA exists as either a two- or three-dimensional molecule containing a solid framework with interspersed voids.

Biodegradability

• Titanium is commonly used in tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility. However, it is not biodegradable, and once incorporated becomes a permanent fixture in the body. The biodegradable properties of PLGA are manipulated to allow degradation to reach completion only when the natural cells are regenerated and the bone is fully reformed. PLGA biodegrades into acids that occur naturally in the body.

Durability and Flexibility

• The specific design of human bone structure gives them strength to endure substantial impact and the ability to move around. Thus, as a replacement material, PLGA possesses the same properties to ensure durability and flexibility. PLGA is capable of being molded into the required positions to provide strong mechanical support to the body during natural bone reformation.